Hailey Kennedy
hakennedy@mail.usi.edu
English 201.010
Essay 3: First Draft
Word Count: 1329
“Self-Injuring Nation”
People of different ages that live all over the world participate in self-injurious behavior. Self-injury is defined as the act of attempting to alter a mood state by inflicting physical harm serious enough to cause tissue damage to one’s body (Martinson). This behavior is addicting and although it is not meant to be dangerous the results can be and it can affect many people. Self-injurers are not limited to a particular age group which often leads to family and friends becoming involved in treatment and/or intervention. Education about self-injurious behavior therefore is very important.
The education about self-injurious behavior much reach all types of people, because it is not a specific group of people affected. In the United States alone there are two million people who have caused physical injury on themselves, however this number is believed to be underestimated because so many incidents are unreported (Martinson). The people who participate can be from all economic backgrounds, careers, how much schooling, countries, and sexualities (Cutter). The age range of those who inflict self harm is between early teens to the early 60s according to both Cutter and Martinson. With the wide range of people that participate in self-injurious behavior, many studies are done in order to get a better understanding.
Studies are done between countries, sexes, and ages. One study had the results of 96 of the 568 youth involved having harmed themselves at some time (Nixon). Martinson reported that nearly half of those who reported abuse of physical and or sexual in nature during there childhood. Nixon’s study and article also stated that,
“The majority of those who self-harmed reported that the idea to self-harm had been their own (69/93, 73.4%). Few youths reported that they had gotten the idea from a friend (27/93, 29.0%), television or movies (14/93, 15.1%) or a family member (2/93, 2.2%), or that they had read about it (11/93, 11.8%). For the question "where did you get the idea to self-harm," the mean number of sources reported was 1.4 (SD 0.9).”
One study revolved around females and stated that, “The frequent cutters were more likely than the less frequent cutters to be female (62% vs. 42%), non-white (26% vs. 9%), sexually abused (63% vs. 43%), to have used condoms inconsistently (61% vs. 27%) and report less impulse control (36% vs. 29%)” (David). Many studies have been done one who participates in this behavior which led to discovering the many possible expressions of it.
Self-injurious behavior can be accomplished by many ways and have many different names. Some are carving, branding, marking, biting, bruising, scratching, hitting, burning or abrasions, and picking or pulling skin or hair (Martinson). According to Martinson the most common forms of self-injury are cutting, burning, and head-banging. Drinking harmful chemicals made the list as a common form as well (Cutter). Cutter provides excellent definitions to some of the forms. When it came to burning Cutter stated that a hot object could be used or a pencil eraser on the skin in order to create a friction burn. At first glance picking of the skin is a form that can seem hard to understand, but it is simply re-opening wounds to relieve stress and can be related to an impulse control disorder (Cutter). The main form most people think about when it comes to self-injuries is cutting. Cutting is defined as making cuts or scratches with any sharp object on most commonly arms, legs, and front of torso (Cutter). Cutting is often done with knives, needles, razor blades, and fingernails (Cutter). Different forms of self-injuries are done for different reasons.
Self-injurers have many reasons for participating in this dangerous behavior. Cutter included statements from self-injurers about why they participated in this behavior. One of the reasons included was that it allowed emotional feelings and pain unable to be put into words to be expressed (Cutter). A common reason he included was that it was a way to have control over their body (Cutter). It is often said that because family life, friends, and school are hard to control people often seek a way to control something either their weight or how they express their emotions (Cutter). Numbness is often felt by people and feeling physical pain is a way to feel something (Cutter). One of the self-injurers Cutter included was that cutting relieved stress and made them less anxious. Martinson also included reasons about why self-injurers participated in the behavior that they did. Martinson included that scientist believed that neurotransmitters played a role in depression, the amount of aggression they felt, and their impulse control. There are also researchers who state that the desire for endorphins may promote self-injury because they are the natural painkillers (Martinson). Although not everyone who is involved with self-injury has been abused there is a link between the two (Martinson). The main reason found for self-injury is releasing and expressing feelings.
Self-injurious behaviors are often considered done for reasons that are not the case. These reasons do not include wanting to die by way of suicide although it happens (Cutter). Also they do not have the purpose of sexual gratification, body decorations; such as body piercings and tattooing, and spiritual enlightenment via ritual (Martinson). Some people specially parents believe that self-injury is thought to be done in order for someone to fit in or to be considered cool, however this is not a primary purpose (Martinson). Knowing that young adults are not participating in self-injurious behavior is helpful in addressing ways to help treat those involved.
Treatment is both important and necessary to beat the addiction of self-injurious behavior. Cutter includes several reason ways that treatment is available for those who cannot stop cutting, burning, head banging, or something else. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used to figure out the reason that people cut and how to best help them (Cutter). By finding out the trigger the reason for behavior steps they can be handled by healthier measures. Anti-anxiety medication may be prescribed if moderate to severe depression is accompanying the destructive behavior (Cutter). In the most severe cases hospitalization may be required (Cutter). Hypnosis, group therapy, and family therapy are also treatments recommended to help relax, prevent shame, and to address history of stress in respective order (Cutter). Therapy is the major treatment for those who are involved in self-injurious behavior, but not the only way.
If a self-injurer still needs that relief there are alternatives that function with treatments. Cutter mentions four different methods. When it comes to anger, Cutter suggests dancing, running, hitting a pillow, or throwing something. All of these practices demand action but the individual is not inflicting harm on themselves or anyone else. In order to feel something and remove the numbness, holding ice cubes in a hand to try to crush them, taking a cold shower, holding a frozen package of food, eating strong flavored food, or even snapping a rubber band on their wrist in moderation are all suggestions (Cutter). Instead of doing destructive behavior Cutter suggests taking a bubble bath, taking deep breaths, writing what is being felt and going on in a journal, drawing, and even yoga to calm down. An alternative for those who hurt themselves to see blood is to mark on their body with red ink and combine another previous suggestion (Cutter). Less harmful alternatives may help the person overcome their addiction of self-injurious behavior.
Self-injuring behavior is known as many different things. Some of the synonyms include self –inflicted violence, self-harms, parasuicide, delicate cutting, self-abuse, and self-mutilation. Those who participate in this behavior to not like some of these names, which make sense because they make what they think, are right sound wrong. No matter what it is called though the reasons, treatments, and the dangers of any self-injurious behavior is harmful and needs to be faced. Self-injuring behavior is very serious, so education of this is very important for those who are participating in it or has a loved one who does.
References
Cutter, D., Jaffe, J.,& Segal,J. (2008). Cutting and self-injury: Self-harm help, support, and
treatment. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from http://helpguide.org/mental/self_injury.htm.
David Hodges. (2005, June). Cutting the 'new tattoo' for teens. Medical Post, 41(22), 16.
Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 856698361).
Martinson, D. (1998-2001). What is self-injury?. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from
http://www.focusas.com/SelfInjury.html.
Nixon, M., Cloutier, P., & Jansson, S.. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-harm in youth: a population-
based survey. Canadian Medical Association. Journal, 178(3), 306-12. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1447230571).
Monday, April 19, 2010
Friday, April 16, 2010
reflection
Over the past few days I have come across very few sources that I will find helpful. I found a few that answered good questions or gave good statics, however most of the information was repeated in previous sources. I was able to find a source that included what happens in the emergency room with self-injuries. I also was able to more information about other countries. I have information about Finnish and Germans concerning self-injuries now. I have now decided to include other countries in my essay instead of just the United States like I stated in my game plan. I also may include a range of ages rather just college and high school age students. I do not have a working thesis at this point besides knowing that I would like to include a range of information in my essays. Information that I plan to include in my final and rough draft are reasons for people to injure themselves, ways of hurting yourself, and how this can be treated and even stopped. I would also like to include how more and more people are doing it and how risking and dangerous is.
While doing this research I have realized that I have too many sources and that it has become overwhelming with the about of information to go through and include. I also found that this research that was to be posted took up so much time that I was only able to do a very small amount of actual writing and that it has prevented me from doing things that I had related when it came to school and family.
While doing this research I have realized that I have too many sources and that it has become overwhelming with the about of information to go through and include. I also found that this research that was to be posted took up so much time that I was only able to do a very small amount of actual writing and that it has prevented me from doing things that I had related when it came to school and family.
annotations are included after the citation
1.
Plener, P., Libal, G., Keller, F., Fegert, J., & Muehlenkamp, J.. (2009). An international comparison of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts: Germany and the USA. Psychological Medicine, 39(9), 1549-1558. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1873599531). This was a study done to compare sucide and self-injury information between Germany and the United States. The paper included table information about the results. Also a detailed accoutant of the characteristics of the participants.
An international comparison of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts: Germany and the USA
P L Plener, G Libal, F Keller, J M Fegert, J J Muehlenkamp. Psychological Medicine. Cambridge: Sep 2009. Vol. 39, Iss. 9; pg. 1549, 10 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Background: This study examined the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicide attempts, suicide threats and suicidal ideation in a German school sample and compared the rates with a similar sample of adolescents from the midwestern USA by using cross-nationally validated assessment tools.
Method: Data were provided from 665 adolescents (mean age 14.8 years, s.d.=0.66, range 14-17 years) in a school setting. Students completed the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire (SHBQ), the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI) and a German version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D).
Results: A quarter of the participants (25.6%) endorsed at least one act of NSSI in their life, and 9.5% of those students answered that they had hurt themselves repetitively (more than four times). Forty-three (6.5%) of the students reported a history of a suicide attempt. No statistically significant differences were observed between the German and US samples in terms of self-injury or suicidal behaviors.
Conclusions: By using the same validated assessment tools, no differences were found in the prevalence and characteristics of self-injury and suicidal behaviors between adolescents from Germany and the USA. Thus, it seems that NSSI has to be understood as worldwide phenomenon, at least in Western cultures.
This article was published Feb. 22, 2010.
2.
Matthew K Nock, & Mahzarin R Banaji. (2007). Assessment of Self-Injurious Thoughts Using a Behavioral Test. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(5), 820-3. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1275371651). This study had different testing groups that answered the questions differently. The authors also included graphs and tables. This study will be helpful by seeing if different ways of answering questions have more of an effect.
Assessment of Self-Injurious Thoughts Using a Behavioral Test
Matthew K Nock, Mahzarin R Banaji. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Washington: May 2007. Vol. 164, Iss. 5; pg. 820, 4 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
The assessment of self-injurious thoughts has been limited by a reliance on what individuals are willing or able to report explicitly. The authors examined a new method that measures self-injurious thoughts by using individuals' reaction times to self-injury-related stimuli on a computerized test. Eighty-nine adolescents who were not self-injurious (N=36) or had recently engaged in nonsuicidal self-injury (N=53) completed two versions of the Self-Injury Implicit Association Test, which measure the automatic association of self-injury with oneself and with favorableness. The tests revealed significant behavioral differences between the self-injurers and noninjurers. Moreover, test scores significantly improved the statistical prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury beyond that achieved with demographic and psychiatric factors. These initial results support the validity of the Self-Injury Implicit Association Test as a performance-based measure of self-injurious thoughts. Future research should further examine the usefulness of incorporating implicit measures in risk assessment and decision-making procedures for self-injury and other sensitive clinical behaviors.
3.
Counseling Psychology; Studies from University of Michigan provide new data on counseling psychology. (2010, March). Psychology & Psychiatry Journal,42. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1970544401). This site was not very useful because there wasn't a lot of information. It was also confusing to read and understand, because most of the content was numbers.
Counseling Psychology; Studies from University of Michigan provide new data on counseling psychology
Anonymous. Psychology & Psychiatry Journal. Atlanta: Mar 6, 2010. pg. 42
Abstract (Summary)
2010 MAR 6 - (NewsRx.com) -- "Archival data (N = 1,048 women, 1, 136 men) from a mental health survey of college students were used to investigate incidence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), including cutting," scientists in the United States report.
The researchers concluded: "The Counseling Center Assessment for Psychological Symptoms (a global symptom inventory) and an assessment of trauma had been field tested with this sample."
(This was posted in March of 2010.)
4.
Suicide; Research from B.D. Thombs and co-authors yields new data on suicide. (2008, June). Medical Devices & Surgical Technology Week,317. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1489632101). This resourch is about patients admitted to hospitals with self-inflicted burns. Not a lot of information was included on this resourch. This is not a good resource for my paper.
Suicide; Research from B.D. Thombs and co-authors yields new data on suicide
Anonymous. Medical Devices & Surgical Technology Week. Atlanta: Jun 15, 2008. pg. 317
Abstract (Summary)
Retrospective, cohort study. A total of 70 burn centers from the United States that contributed data to the American Burn Association National Burn Repository. A total of 30,382 adult patients (593 with self-inflicted injuries) who were admitted with a thermal injury from 1995 through 2005. None. Demographics, comorbidities, burn injury severity variables (total body surface area burned [TBSA], TBSA burned third degree, inhalation injury), hospital mortality, intensive care length of stay, and total hospital length of stay were ascertained. Patients with self-inflicted injuries had larger TBSA burned (32.0% vs. 12.8%, p< .01) and larger third-degree TBSA burned (20.6% vs. 4.9%, p< .01) and were more likely to incur an inhalation injury (37.3% vs. 12.8%, p< .01). Before matching, patients with self-inflicted injuries were at greater risk of mortality (23.6% vs. 6.8%, p< .01) and required longer intensive care (median of 4 days vs. 0 days, p< .01) and total hospital stays (median of 23 days vs. 8 days, p< .01).
5.
Cutter, D., Jaffe, J.,& Segal,J. (2008). Cutting and self-injury: Self-harm help, support, and treatment. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from http://helpguide.org/mental/self_injury.htm. This resource will be very helpful. The site included defintions of different types of self injuries, reasons for doing it, treatments, why it is addicting, and much more. This source is layed out in a nice user friendly way.
Cutting and Self-Injury
Self-Harm Help, Support, and Treatment
The number of young people who participate in acts of self-mutilation is growing. Although self-harm is rarely a suicidal act, it must be taken seriously because accidental deaths do occur. It’s difficult to see the light at the end of the tunnel but breaking the cycle of self-abuse is possible if you reach out to someone you trust. Finding new ways of coping with your feelings can help to tone down the intense urges you feel which results in you hurting yourself. Recovery is a continuous process and learning how to stop this addictive behavior is within your reach if you work at it.
6.
Martinson, D. (1998-2001). What is self-injury?. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from http://www.focusas.com/SelfInjury.html. This source may be very helpful because it answers lots of questions. Some questions are different forms of self-injuries, why it makes some people feel better, and what happens in the emergency room.
What is SELF-INJURY?
What is self-injurious behavior?
Why does self-injury make some people feel better?
What kinds of people self-injure?
Aren't people who would deliberately cut or burn themselves psychotic?
Is self-injury a failed suicide attempt?
What problems may be encountered when getting professional help?
What problems may be encountered in the emergency room?
Can anything be done for people who hurt themselves?
Help and Support - More Information on Self-Injury
It's called many things -- self-inflicted violence, self-injury, self-harm, parasuicide, delicate cutting, self-abuse, self-mutilation (this last particularly seems to annoy people who self-injure).
Broadly speaking, self-injury is the act of attempting to alter a mood state by inflicting physical harm serious enough to cause tissue damage to one's body.
1.
Plener, P., Libal, G., Keller, F., Fegert, J., & Muehlenkamp, J.. (2009). An international comparison of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts: Germany and the USA. Psychological Medicine, 39(9), 1549-1558. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1873599531). This was a study done to compare sucide and self-injury information between Germany and the United States. The paper included table information about the results. Also a detailed accoutant of the characteristics of the participants.
An international comparison of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts: Germany and the USA
P L Plener, G Libal, F Keller, J M Fegert, J J Muehlenkamp. Psychological Medicine. Cambridge: Sep 2009. Vol. 39, Iss. 9; pg. 1549, 10 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Background: This study examined the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicide attempts, suicide threats and suicidal ideation in a German school sample and compared the rates with a similar sample of adolescents from the midwestern USA by using cross-nationally validated assessment tools.
Method: Data were provided from 665 adolescents (mean age 14.8 years, s.d.=0.66, range 14-17 years) in a school setting. Students completed the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire (SHBQ), the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI) and a German version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D).
Results: A quarter of the participants (25.6%) endorsed at least one act of NSSI in their life, and 9.5% of those students answered that they had hurt themselves repetitively (more than four times). Forty-three (6.5%) of the students reported a history of a suicide attempt. No statistically significant differences were observed between the German and US samples in terms of self-injury or suicidal behaviors.
Conclusions: By using the same validated assessment tools, no differences were found in the prevalence and characteristics of self-injury and suicidal behaviors between adolescents from Germany and the USA. Thus, it seems that NSSI has to be understood as worldwide phenomenon, at least in Western cultures.
This article was published Feb. 22, 2010.
2.
Matthew K Nock, & Mahzarin R Banaji. (2007). Assessment of Self-Injurious Thoughts Using a Behavioral Test. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(5), 820-3. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1275371651). This study had different testing groups that answered the questions differently. The authors also included graphs and tables. This study will be helpful by seeing if different ways of answering questions have more of an effect.
Assessment of Self-Injurious Thoughts Using a Behavioral Test
Matthew K Nock, Mahzarin R Banaji. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Washington: May 2007. Vol. 164, Iss. 5; pg. 820, 4 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
The assessment of self-injurious thoughts has been limited by a reliance on what individuals are willing or able to report explicitly. The authors examined a new method that measures self-injurious thoughts by using individuals' reaction times to self-injury-related stimuli on a computerized test. Eighty-nine adolescents who were not self-injurious (N=36) or had recently engaged in nonsuicidal self-injury (N=53) completed two versions of the Self-Injury Implicit Association Test, which measure the automatic association of self-injury with oneself and with favorableness. The tests revealed significant behavioral differences between the self-injurers and noninjurers. Moreover, test scores significantly improved the statistical prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury beyond that achieved with demographic and psychiatric factors. These initial results support the validity of the Self-Injury Implicit Association Test as a performance-based measure of self-injurious thoughts. Future research should further examine the usefulness of incorporating implicit measures in risk assessment and decision-making procedures for self-injury and other sensitive clinical behaviors.
3.
Counseling Psychology; Studies from University of Michigan provide new data on counseling psychology. (2010, March). Psychology & Psychiatry Journal,42. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1970544401). This site was not very useful because there wasn't a lot of information. It was also confusing to read and understand, because most of the content was numbers.
Counseling Psychology; Studies from University of Michigan provide new data on counseling psychology
Anonymous. Psychology & Psychiatry Journal. Atlanta: Mar 6, 2010. pg. 42
Abstract (Summary)
2010 MAR 6 - (NewsRx.com) -- "Archival data (N = 1,048 women, 1, 136 men) from a mental health survey of college students were used to investigate incidence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), including cutting," scientists in the United States report.
The researchers concluded: "The Counseling Center Assessment for Psychological Symptoms (a global symptom inventory) and an assessment of trauma had been field tested with this sample."
(This was posted in March of 2010.)
4.
Suicide; Research from B.D. Thombs and co-authors yields new data on suicide. (2008, June). Medical Devices & Surgical Technology Week,317. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1489632101). This resourch is about patients admitted to hospitals with self-inflicted burns. Not a lot of information was included on this resourch. This is not a good resource for my paper.
Suicide; Research from B.D. Thombs and co-authors yields new data on suicide
Anonymous. Medical Devices & Surgical Technology Week. Atlanta: Jun 15, 2008. pg. 317
Abstract (Summary)
Retrospective, cohort study. A total of 70 burn centers from the United States that contributed data to the American Burn Association National Burn Repository. A total of 30,382 adult patients (593 with self-inflicted injuries) who were admitted with a thermal injury from 1995 through 2005. None. Demographics, comorbidities, burn injury severity variables (total body surface area burned [TBSA], TBSA burned third degree, inhalation injury), hospital mortality, intensive care length of stay, and total hospital length of stay were ascertained. Patients with self-inflicted injuries had larger TBSA burned (32.0% vs. 12.8%, p< .01) and larger third-degree TBSA burned (20.6% vs. 4.9%, p< .01) and were more likely to incur an inhalation injury (37.3% vs. 12.8%, p< .01). Before matching, patients with self-inflicted injuries were at greater risk of mortality (23.6% vs. 6.8%, p< .01) and required longer intensive care (median of 4 days vs. 0 days, p< .01) and total hospital stays (median of 23 days vs. 8 days, p< .01).
5.
Cutter, D., Jaffe, J.,& Segal,J. (2008). Cutting and self-injury: Self-harm help, support, and treatment. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from http://helpguide.org/mental/self_injury.htm. This resource will be very helpful. The site included defintions of different types of self injuries, reasons for doing it, treatments, why it is addicting, and much more. This source is layed out in a nice user friendly way.
Cutting and Self-Injury
Self-Harm Help, Support, and Treatment
The number of young people who participate in acts of self-mutilation is growing. Although self-harm is rarely a suicidal act, it must be taken seriously because accidental deaths do occur. It’s difficult to see the light at the end of the tunnel but breaking the cycle of self-abuse is possible if you reach out to someone you trust. Finding new ways of coping with your feelings can help to tone down the intense urges you feel which results in you hurting yourself. Recovery is a continuous process and learning how to stop this addictive behavior is within your reach if you work at it.
6.
Martinson, D. (1998-2001). What is self-injury?. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from http://www.focusas.com/SelfInjury.html. This source may be very helpful because it answers lots of questions. Some questions are different forms of self-injuries, why it makes some people feel better, and what happens in the emergency room.
What is SELF-INJURY?
What is self-injurious behavior?
Why does self-injury make some people feel better?
What kinds of people self-injure?
Aren't people who would deliberately cut or burn themselves psychotic?
Is self-injury a failed suicide attempt?
What problems may be encountered when getting professional help?
What problems may be encountered in the emergency room?
Can anything be done for people who hurt themselves?
Help and Support - More Information on Self-Injury
It's called many things -- self-inflicted violence, self-injury, self-harm, parasuicide, delicate cutting, self-abuse, self-mutilation (this last particularly seems to annoy people who self-injure).
Broadly speaking, self-injury is the act of attempting to alter a mood state by inflicting physical harm serious enough to cause tissue damage to one's body.
Wednesday, April 14, 2010
Annotated Bibliography 4-14
1.
Davis, T. (n.d.). How to stop cutting yourself. Retrieved April 14, 2010 from http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i.ehow.com/images/a05/8f/r3/stop-cutting-yourself-200X200.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ehow.com/how_5521251_stop-cutting-yourself.html&usg=__f3ZLeOQIKLEQkJuhKplBQQ3KtAg=&h=200&w=200&sz=35&hl=en&start=18&itbs=1&tbnid=ncduXE8EGMalWM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcutting%2Byourself%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1
Annotation: This article has a picture of an arm of someone who used to cut as well as steps to stop cutting, tips, and warnings.(I coulddn't get the picture to paste.)
2.
B. (2010). Have you ever cut yourself for fun? As in cutting yourself. Retrieved April 14, 2010 from http://www.sodahead.com/fun/have-you-ever-cut-yourself-for-fun-as-in-cutting-yourself/question-914353/?link=ibaf&imgurl=http://fc04.deviantart.com/fs15/f/2007/100/3/f/Emo_Kid_Cut_Arm_by_wickedaemon.jpg&q=cutting%2Byourself
Annotation: This website is a poll asking for responses pretaining to people cutting themselves for fun. This website has a couple really good pictures that I am unable to paste.
3.
Laukkanen, E., Rissanen, M., Honkalampi, K., Kylmä, J., Tolmunen, T., & Hintikka, J.. (2009). The prevalence of self-cutting and other self-harm among 13- to 18-year-old Finnish adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44(1), 23-8. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1634354941).
Abstract
Background Deliberate self-harm has
become more prevalent among adolescents. Aims To
investigate the prevalence and the associated background
factors of self-cutting and other self-harming
behaviour. Methods The study sample included 4,205
adolescents aged 13–18 years. Background factors,
social relationships, alcohol and substance abuse, selfharm
and self-cutting were assessed by a structured
questionnaire including the Youth Self Report and
Beck Depression Inventory. Results The life-time
prevalence of self-cutting was 11.5% and of other
self-harm 10.2%, while the prevalence of current
self-cutting was 1.8%. Self-cutting was associated
with female gender and a very wide range of adverse
psychosocial background variables. Parents living
together were an independent protective factor. By
contrast, there was no gender difference in the risk of
other self-harm. Independent risk factors were
depressive mood, somatic complaints, drug abuse,
poor school performance and poor family relationships.
No protective factors were found for other selfharm.
Conclusions During adolescence, self-cutting
and other self-harm are common. Adolescents
who have self-cutting or harm themselves have
wide-ranging problems in their lives. The specific
characteristics of these phenomena need further
investigation.
Annotation: This is a paper is about a study done on Finnish adolescnts aged 13 to 18 about cutting. This paper includes statics, background factors that may have led to cutting, methods, and measures.
4.
Keith Hawton, Louise Harriss, Sue Simkin, Elizabeth Bale, & Alison Bond. (2004). Self-Cutting: Patient Characteristics Compared with Self-Poisoners. Suicide & Life - Threatening Behavior, 34(3), 199-208. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 715316141).
Abstract (Summary)
A large (n = 14,892) consecutive sample of deliberate self-harm (attempted suicide) patients who presented to a general hospital in the United Kingdom during a 23-year study period was examined (over two consecutive time periods) in order to compare the characteristics of those who used self-cutting (n = 428) and those who self-poisoned (n = 11,065). Patients who used different methods on other occasions, or were not assessed by the psychiatric service, were excluded. In the first time period (January 1976-June 1988), the self-cutters were distinguished from the self-poisoners by more often being male, single, not employed, and having a history of previous deliberate self-harm. In the second time period (July 1988-December 1998) the self-cutters were again distinguished by more often being male and having a history of previous deliberate self-harm, but also by being more likely to live alone, misuse alcohol, and have low suicidal intent scores. The finding of an excess of males among the self-cutters is contrary to the impression in the literature that self-cutting presentations to general hospitals more often involve females. It also indicates that the treatment needs of those who deliberately cut themselves are likely to differ from those of self-poisoners. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Annotation: This site compares self-cutters to self-poisioners older than 15. A long list of variables used for the comparsion are listed on this site. Tables of data are also included. The conclusion includes information about how the treatments vary.
5.
Barbara Haas, & Franz Popp. (2006). Why Do People Injure Themselves? Psychopathology, 39(1), 10-8. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 940732431).
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a questionnaire for
the assessment of immediate functions of self-injurious
behavior (SIB). SIB is defi ned as deliberate injuries of the
skin such as burning, cutting or beating. Suicidal attempts
as well as self-injuries for aesthetic reasons were
excluded. Immediate functions were collected from the
literature as well as from statements of SIB sufferers. Finally,
154 questions with the response options ‘right’,
‘wrong’ and ‘unknown’ – for phenomena people did not
know – were given to 120 persons with SIB aged 13–54
years. They were recruited from SIB-related homepages
as well as from psychologists and psychiatrists in hospitals
in Austria and Germany. Twelve factors were extracted
via factor analysis (varimax rotation): ‘self-punishment’,
‘coping with emotions’, ‘extreme rage’,
‘vitality’, ‘dissociation’, ‘changed perception’, ‘control
over body’, ‘uniqueness’, ‘interaction’, ‘addiction’, ‘coping
with sexuality’ and ‘expression of sexuality’. All items
of each factor were analyzed and unsatisfactory ones
excluded to devise a questionnaire as short as possible
but with high expressiveness and good reliability. The
remaining 107 items have a reliability of r = 0.9118 (Cronbach’s
alpha). Evaluation of this questionnaire is in progress.
Annotation: This paper introduces and defines Self-injurious behavior. Results with tables also are included showing the results of the study. Different methods and reasons for cutting are also included.
6.
University of Michigan; Spying on a cellular director in the cutting room. (2010, April). NewsRx Health & Science,***[insert pages]***. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1999108681).
Abstract (Summary)
The research is scheduled to be published online March 21 in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. Since its Nobel Prize-winning discovery in 1977, gene splicing has been studied in a number of organisms, including yeast and human cells, using both genetic and biochemical approaches.
Annotation: This website will not help because it does not mention anything about self-injury.
Davis, T. (n.d.). How to stop cutting yourself. Retrieved April 14, 2010 from http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i.ehow.com/images/a05/8f/r3/stop-cutting-yourself-200X200.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ehow.com/how_5521251_stop-cutting-yourself.html&usg=__f3ZLeOQIKLEQkJuhKplBQQ3KtAg=&h=200&w=200&sz=35&hl=en&start=18&itbs=1&tbnid=ncduXE8EGMalWM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcutting%2Byourself%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1
Annotation: This article has a picture of an arm of someone who used to cut as well as steps to stop cutting, tips, and warnings.(I coulddn't get the picture to paste.)
2.
B. (2010). Have you ever cut yourself for fun? As in cutting yourself. Retrieved April 14, 2010 from http://www.sodahead.com/fun/have-you-ever-cut-yourself-for-fun-as-in-cutting-yourself/question-914353/?link=ibaf&imgurl=http://fc04.deviantart.com/fs15/f/2007/100/3/f/Emo_Kid_Cut_Arm_by_wickedaemon.jpg&q=cutting%2Byourself
Annotation: This website is a poll asking for responses pretaining to people cutting themselves for fun. This website has a couple really good pictures that I am unable to paste.
3.
Laukkanen, E., Rissanen, M., Honkalampi, K., Kylmä, J., Tolmunen, T., & Hintikka, J.. (2009). The prevalence of self-cutting and other self-harm among 13- to 18-year-old Finnish adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44(1), 23-8. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1634354941).
Abstract
Background Deliberate self-harm has
become more prevalent among adolescents. Aims To
investigate the prevalence and the associated background
factors of self-cutting and other self-harming
behaviour. Methods The study sample included 4,205
adolescents aged 13–18 years. Background factors,
social relationships, alcohol and substance abuse, selfharm
and self-cutting were assessed by a structured
questionnaire including the Youth Self Report and
Beck Depression Inventory. Results The life-time
prevalence of self-cutting was 11.5% and of other
self-harm 10.2%, while the prevalence of current
self-cutting was 1.8%. Self-cutting was associated
with female gender and a very wide range of adverse
psychosocial background variables. Parents living
together were an independent protective factor. By
contrast, there was no gender difference in the risk of
other self-harm. Independent risk factors were
depressive mood, somatic complaints, drug abuse,
poor school performance and poor family relationships.
No protective factors were found for other selfharm.
Conclusions During adolescence, self-cutting
and other self-harm are common. Adolescents
who have self-cutting or harm themselves have
wide-ranging problems in their lives. The specific
characteristics of these phenomena need further
investigation.
Annotation: This is a paper is about a study done on Finnish adolescnts aged 13 to 18 about cutting. This paper includes statics, background factors that may have led to cutting, methods, and measures.
4.
Keith Hawton, Louise Harriss, Sue Simkin, Elizabeth Bale, & Alison Bond. (2004). Self-Cutting: Patient Characteristics Compared with Self-Poisoners. Suicide & Life - Threatening Behavior, 34(3), 199-208. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 715316141).
Abstract (Summary)
A large (n = 14,892) consecutive sample of deliberate self-harm (attempted suicide) patients who presented to a general hospital in the United Kingdom during a 23-year study period was examined (over two consecutive time periods) in order to compare the characteristics of those who used self-cutting (n = 428) and those who self-poisoned (n = 11,065). Patients who used different methods on other occasions, or were not assessed by the psychiatric service, were excluded. In the first time period (January 1976-June 1988), the self-cutters were distinguished from the self-poisoners by more often being male, single, not employed, and having a history of previous deliberate self-harm. In the second time period (July 1988-December 1998) the self-cutters were again distinguished by more often being male and having a history of previous deliberate self-harm, but also by being more likely to live alone, misuse alcohol, and have low suicidal intent scores. The finding of an excess of males among the self-cutters is contrary to the impression in the literature that self-cutting presentations to general hospitals more often involve females. It also indicates that the treatment needs of those who deliberately cut themselves are likely to differ from those of self-poisoners. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Annotation: This site compares self-cutters to self-poisioners older than 15. A long list of variables used for the comparsion are listed on this site. Tables of data are also included. The conclusion includes information about how the treatments vary.
5.
Barbara Haas, & Franz Popp. (2006). Why Do People Injure Themselves? Psychopathology, 39(1), 10-8. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 940732431).
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a questionnaire for
the assessment of immediate functions of self-injurious
behavior (SIB). SIB is defi ned as deliberate injuries of the
skin such as burning, cutting or beating. Suicidal attempts
as well as self-injuries for aesthetic reasons were
excluded. Immediate functions were collected from the
literature as well as from statements of SIB sufferers. Finally,
154 questions with the response options ‘right’,
‘wrong’ and ‘unknown’ – for phenomena people did not
know – were given to 120 persons with SIB aged 13–54
years. They were recruited from SIB-related homepages
as well as from psychologists and psychiatrists in hospitals
in Austria and Germany. Twelve factors were extracted
via factor analysis (varimax rotation): ‘self-punishment’,
‘coping with emotions’, ‘extreme rage’,
‘vitality’, ‘dissociation’, ‘changed perception’, ‘control
over body’, ‘uniqueness’, ‘interaction’, ‘addiction’, ‘coping
with sexuality’ and ‘expression of sexuality’. All items
of each factor were analyzed and unsatisfactory ones
excluded to devise a questionnaire as short as possible
but with high expressiveness and good reliability. The
remaining 107 items have a reliability of r = 0.9118 (Cronbach’s
alpha). Evaluation of this questionnaire is in progress.
Annotation: This paper introduces and defines Self-injurious behavior. Results with tables also are included showing the results of the study. Different methods and reasons for cutting are also included.
6.
University of Michigan; Spying on a cellular director in the cutting room. (2010, April). NewsRx Health & Science,***[insert pages]***. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1999108681).
Abstract (Summary)
The research is scheduled to be published online March 21 in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. Since its Nobel Prize-winning discovery in 1977, gene splicing has been studied in a number of organisms, including yeast and human cells, using both genetic and biochemical approaches.
Annotation: This website will not help because it does not mention anything about self-injury.
Monday, April 12, 2010
essay #3 game plan
1. I have chosen writing prompt one for this essay. I believe that this is the best selection for me because I have chosen to write on self-injury most likely focusing on cutting. Cutting and other self-injury practices are very common among high school and college age individuals. I want to research this topic because I have known people who do this and think that the public needs to become aware how popular it has become, reason for doing it, and the risks of it. My experience for this topic is that I have had friends and classmates who have cut at some time in their life. I have learned that it is sometimes called tattoos, that those who do it don’t think it is a big deal, and that frequent cutters are most likely female. I believe that everyone will know what cutting is but not the reasons for doing it or how popular it is. My overall goal for the paper is to make how popular cutting is and how dangerous it can be.
2. My narrowed topic is cutting. I have limited the time period of the topic by focusing on high school and college aged individuals. I have not limited my topic geographically because I want to include details from around the world as well as the United States. Special circumstances that limit my topic are age.
3. My audience for my paper is students and perhaps parents. Students or young individuals would be interested to read to learn more incase a friend, sibling, or themselves are cutting. Parents would be interested if their child was cutting because this paper may help them understand why and how to help. This essay will be of interest now because cutting is taken place all the time.
4. I will be using internet sources to support my essay as well as personal stories if possible. I also will search for articles about cutting and self-injury. I plan to incorporate statics and pictures in my essay.
5. I have researched using ProQuest. I plan to use ProQuest for both health professionals and psychology. I have found some good information so far. I don’t have a best source so far but they are good starting points. I have had trouble finding information concerning people cutting that are not high school or college aged students so I decided to focus on that age group. I hope to find source material in magazines and possibly personal statements if individuals are comfortable with sharing.
2. My narrowed topic is cutting. I have limited the time period of the topic by focusing on high school and college aged individuals. I have not limited my topic geographically because I want to include details from around the world as well as the United States. Special circumstances that limit my topic are age.
3. My audience for my paper is students and perhaps parents. Students or young individuals would be interested to read to learn more incase a friend, sibling, or themselves are cutting. Parents would be interested if their child was cutting because this paper may help them understand why and how to help. This essay will be of interest now because cutting is taken place all the time.
4. I will be using internet sources to support my essay as well as personal stories if possible. I also will search for articles about cutting and self-injury. I plan to incorporate statics and pictures in my essay.
5. I have researched using ProQuest. I plan to use ProQuest for both health professionals and psychology. I have found some good information so far. I don’t have a best source so far but they are good starting points. I have had trouble finding information concerning people cutting that are not high school or college aged students so I decided to focus on that age group. I hope to find source material in magazines and possibly personal statements if individuals are comfortable with sharing.
Monday, April 5, 2010
Abstracts for self-injury (4-5-10)
1.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=12&did=1187038091&SrchMode=2&sid=12&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270480262&clientId=4130
CUTTING EDGE
Amy Carr. Listen. Hagerstown: Nov 2006. Vol. 60, Iss. 3; pg. 12, 2 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Britt had sliced herself with a safety pin, leaving a trail of thin, symmetrical cuts from her wrist to her elbow. Some even describe it as a calming experience, an escape from a chaotic emotional state linked with feelings of depression, anger, hopelessness, and anxiety. Psychologist Dr. Tony DuBose, director of Seattle's Dialectical Behavior Therapy Center, has helped pioneer advanced treatment techniques for self-injury.
2.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=11&did=1216452121&SrchMode=2&sid=13&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270480962&clientId=4130
Are We Facing an Epidemic of Self-Injury?
JOAN JACOBS BRUMBERG. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington: Dec 8, 2006. Vol. 53, Iss. 16; pg. B.6
Abstract (Summary)
Brumberg discusses the possibility of an epidemic of self-injury among college students. Whether cutting behavior begins in high school or college, whether it involves girls or boys, it should provoke parents, mental-health professionals, and educators to consider the ways in which this longstanding symptom mirrors the violent, troubled times.
3.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=15&did=92358438&SrchMode=2&sid=14&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270481093&clientId=4130
Skin Deep: Understanding Self-Injury
Jeff Dick. The Booklist. Chicago: Nov 15, 2001. Vol. 98, Iss. 6; pg. 588, 1 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Gr. 7-12. Reputedly as prevalent as anorexia nervosa but less publicized, self-mutilation involves cutting or burning skin, pulling out hair, banging against a wall, or other destructive behavior.
4.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=14&sid=16&srchmode=2&vinst=PROD&fmt=3&startpage=-1&clientid=4130&vname=PQD&RQT=309&did=777720811&scaling=FULL&ts=1270481316&vtype=PQD&rqt=309&TS=1270481324&clientId=4130
Fire and Blood
Michele Deppe. Listen. Hagerstown: Jan 2005. Vol. 58, Iss. 5; pg. 28, 2 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Deppe relates how he coped up with the death of his brother, Hunter, through self-injury. After his brother's death, he had this idea that Hunter burned up, so he needed to know what that felt like. That is how he started drinking and cutting himself to let off steam.
5.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=9&did=1303084321&SrchMode=2&sid=16&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270481316&clientId=4130
Self-Mutilation and Gifted Children
Tracy L Cross. Gifted Child Today. Waco: Summer 2007. Vol. 30, Iss. 3; pg. 49, 4 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Some motorcycle riders wear a "one percent" tattoo, revealing their full membership in an exclusive group - the 1% of motorcyclists whose lives are very much about motorcycles (authentic bikers) - but also demonstrating a separateness from everyone outside their group. A wide range of estimates of the prevalence rates of cutting behavior in the general population has been offered, from less than 5% to approximately 20%, but the broader category of rates of self-injury among American college students revealed a 32% rate (Vanderhoff & Lynn, 2001).
6.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=3&did=1515651521&SrchMode=2&sid=16&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270481316&clientId=4130
HIV/AIDS Risk Factors; Research on HIV/AIDS risk factors discussed by scientists at Rhode Island Hospital
Anonymous. AIDS Weekly. Atlanta: Jul 28, 2008. pg. 85
Abstract (Summary)
The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that adolescents who repeatedly self-cut would report more HIV risk behaviors and riskier attitudes than those who had engaged in infrequent self-injury. Adolescents (11-18 years; mean age, 15 years) from intensive psychiatric treatment programs with a history of self-cutting (N=105, 53% female) completed measures of self-cutting, sexual risk behaviors, and risk attitudes. Frequent self-cutting (more than three times, lifetime) was associated with being sexually active, using condoms inconsistently, and sharing cutting instruments. Frequent self-cutters were significantly more likely to be female and nonwhite, and report low self-restraint. They also showed a trend toward being more likely to have a history of sexual abuse. This study found important differences in self-cutters based on frequency of cutting.
7.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1633577961&SrchMode=2&sid=18&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270482028&clientId=4130
"It Was like a Partnership of the Two of Us Against the Cutting": Investigating the Counseling Experiences of Young Adult Women Who Self-Injure
Laurie M Craigen, Victoria Foster. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. Alexandria: Jan 2009. Vol. 31, Iss. 1; pg. 76, 19 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Self-injury is an increasing phenomenon among young adult women. This qualitative study explored the counseling experiences of 10 young adult women with a history of self-injurious behavior. It examined the nature of the client-counselor relationship and how self-injury was treated. It also accessed the participants' thoughts and feelings about their experiences in counseling. Implications for training and treatment are set out, as are recommendations for research. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
8. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1307666771&SrchMode=2&sid=21&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270482194&clientId=4130
Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents
Elizabeth E Lloyd-Richardson, Nicholas Perrine, Lisa Dierker, Mary L Kelley. Psychological Medicine. Cambridge: Aug 2007. Vol. 37, Iss. 8; pg. 1183, 10 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
ABSTRACT
Background
Few studies have investigated non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), or the deliberate, direct destruction of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, and the motivations for engaging in NSSI among adolescents. This study assessed the prevalence, associated clinical characteristics, and functions of NSSI in a community sample of adolescents.
Method
A total of 633 adolescents completed anonymous surveys. NSSI was assessed with the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM).
Results
Some form of NSSI was endorsed by 46·5% ( n =293) of the adolescents within the past year, most frequently biting self, cutting/carving skin, hitting self on purpose, and burning skin. Sixty per cent of these, or 28% of the overall sample, endorsed moderate/severe forms of NSSI. Self-injurers reported an average of 12·9 (s.d. =29·4) incidents in the past 12 months, with an average of 2·4 (s.d. =1·7) types of NSSI used. Moderate/severe self-injurers were more likely than minor self-injurers, who in turn were more likely than non-injurers, to have a history of psychiatric treatment, hospitalization and suicide attempt, as well as current suicide ideation. A four-factor model of NSSI functions was indicated, with self-injurers likely to endorse both reasons of automatic reinforcement and social reinforcement. The most common reasons for NSSI were 'to try to get a reaction from someone', 'to get control of a situation', and 'to stop bad feelings'.
Conclusions
Community adolescents reported high rates of NSSI, engaged in to influence behaviors of others and to manage internal emotions. Intervention efforts should be tailored to reducing individual issues that contribute to NSSI and building alternative skills for positive coping, communication, stress management, and strong social support
9.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1929428091&SrchMode=2&sid=23&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270482339&clientId=4130
Stopping the Pain: Teenage Self-Injury
Abby Alpert. The Booklist. Chicago: Dec 15, 2009. Vol. 106, Iss. 8; pg. 49, 1 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Acts of self-injury (cutting, burning, head banging) are increasingly common among teens, yet this touchy topic has not generated much public dialogue.
10. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=4&did=1520037381&SrchMode=2&sid=23&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270482339&clientId=4130
Lifespan; Frequent self-cutting linked to risky sexual behavior in teens
Anonymous. NewsRx Health & Science. Atlanta: Jun 23, 2008. pg. 353
Abstract (Summary)
The associations between frequent cutting, sexual risk and low self-restraint provide clues to the forces that underlie this repeated behavior and point us in the right direction for future research to better understand this troubling and self-destructive phenomenon, adds Brown, who's also a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
CUTTING EDGE
Amy Carr. Listen. Hagerstown: Nov 2006. Vol. 60, Iss. 3; pg. 12, 2 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Britt had sliced herself with a safety pin, leaving a trail of thin, symmetrical cuts from her wrist to her elbow. Some even describe it as a calming experience, an escape from a chaotic emotional state linked with feelings of depression, anger, hopelessness, and anxiety. Psychologist Dr. Tony DuBose, director of Seattle's Dialectical Behavior Therapy Center, has helped pioneer advanced treatment techniques for self-injury.
2.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=11&did=1216452121&SrchMode=2&sid=13&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270480962&clientId=4130
Are We Facing an Epidemic of Self-Injury?
JOAN JACOBS BRUMBERG. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington: Dec 8, 2006. Vol. 53, Iss. 16; pg. B.6
Abstract (Summary)
Brumberg discusses the possibility of an epidemic of self-injury among college students. Whether cutting behavior begins in high school or college, whether it involves girls or boys, it should provoke parents, mental-health professionals, and educators to consider the ways in which this longstanding symptom mirrors the violent, troubled times.
3.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=15&did=92358438&SrchMode=2&sid=14&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270481093&clientId=4130
Skin Deep: Understanding Self-Injury
Jeff Dick. The Booklist. Chicago: Nov 15, 2001. Vol. 98, Iss. 6; pg. 588, 1 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Gr. 7-12. Reputedly as prevalent as anorexia nervosa but less publicized, self-mutilation involves cutting or burning skin, pulling out hair, banging against a wall, or other destructive behavior.
4.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=14&sid=16&srchmode=2&vinst=PROD&fmt=3&startpage=-1&clientid=4130&vname=PQD&RQT=309&did=777720811&scaling=FULL&ts=1270481316&vtype=PQD&rqt=309&TS=1270481324&clientId=4130
Fire and Blood
Michele Deppe. Listen. Hagerstown: Jan 2005. Vol. 58, Iss. 5; pg. 28, 2 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Deppe relates how he coped up with the death of his brother, Hunter, through self-injury. After his brother's death, he had this idea that Hunter burned up, so he needed to know what that felt like. That is how he started drinking and cutting himself to let off steam.
5.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=9&did=1303084321&SrchMode=2&sid=16&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270481316&clientId=4130
Self-Mutilation and Gifted Children
Tracy L Cross. Gifted Child Today. Waco: Summer 2007. Vol. 30, Iss. 3; pg. 49, 4 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Some motorcycle riders wear a "one percent" tattoo, revealing their full membership in an exclusive group - the 1% of motorcyclists whose lives are very much about motorcycles (authentic bikers) - but also demonstrating a separateness from everyone outside their group. A wide range of estimates of the prevalence rates of cutting behavior in the general population has been offered, from less than 5% to approximately 20%, but the broader category of rates of self-injury among American college students revealed a 32% rate (Vanderhoff & Lynn, 2001).
6.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=3&did=1515651521&SrchMode=2&sid=16&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270481316&clientId=4130
HIV/AIDS Risk Factors; Research on HIV/AIDS risk factors discussed by scientists at Rhode Island Hospital
Anonymous. AIDS Weekly. Atlanta: Jul 28, 2008. pg. 85
Abstract (Summary)
The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that adolescents who repeatedly self-cut would report more HIV risk behaviors and riskier attitudes than those who had engaged in infrequent self-injury. Adolescents (11-18 years; mean age, 15 years) from intensive psychiatric treatment programs with a history of self-cutting (N=105, 53% female) completed measures of self-cutting, sexual risk behaviors, and risk attitudes. Frequent self-cutting (more than three times, lifetime) was associated with being sexually active, using condoms inconsistently, and sharing cutting instruments. Frequent self-cutters were significantly more likely to be female and nonwhite, and report low self-restraint. They also showed a trend toward being more likely to have a history of sexual abuse. This study found important differences in self-cutters based on frequency of cutting.
7.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1633577961&SrchMode=2&sid=18&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270482028&clientId=4130
"It Was like a Partnership of the Two of Us Against the Cutting": Investigating the Counseling Experiences of Young Adult Women Who Self-Injure
Laurie M Craigen, Victoria Foster. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. Alexandria: Jan 2009. Vol. 31, Iss. 1; pg. 76, 19 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Self-injury is an increasing phenomenon among young adult women. This qualitative study explored the counseling experiences of 10 young adult women with a history of self-injurious behavior. It examined the nature of the client-counselor relationship and how self-injury was treated. It also accessed the participants' thoughts and feelings about their experiences in counseling. Implications for training and treatment are set out, as are recommendations for research. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
8. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1307666771&SrchMode=2&sid=21&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270482194&clientId=4130
Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents
Elizabeth E Lloyd-Richardson, Nicholas Perrine, Lisa Dierker, Mary L Kelley. Psychological Medicine. Cambridge: Aug 2007. Vol. 37, Iss. 8; pg. 1183, 10 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
ABSTRACT
Background
Few studies have investigated non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), or the deliberate, direct destruction of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, and the motivations for engaging in NSSI among adolescents. This study assessed the prevalence, associated clinical characteristics, and functions of NSSI in a community sample of adolescents.
Method
A total of 633 adolescents completed anonymous surveys. NSSI was assessed with the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM).
Results
Some form of NSSI was endorsed by 46·5% ( n =293) of the adolescents within the past year, most frequently biting self, cutting/carving skin, hitting self on purpose, and burning skin. Sixty per cent of these, or 28% of the overall sample, endorsed moderate/severe forms of NSSI. Self-injurers reported an average of 12·9 (s.d. =29·4) incidents in the past 12 months, with an average of 2·4 (s.d. =1·7) types of NSSI used. Moderate/severe self-injurers were more likely than minor self-injurers, who in turn were more likely than non-injurers, to have a history of psychiatric treatment, hospitalization and suicide attempt, as well as current suicide ideation. A four-factor model of NSSI functions was indicated, with self-injurers likely to endorse both reasons of automatic reinforcement and social reinforcement. The most common reasons for NSSI were 'to try to get a reaction from someone', 'to get control of a situation', and 'to stop bad feelings'.
Conclusions
Community adolescents reported high rates of NSSI, engaged in to influence behaviors of others and to manage internal emotions. Intervention efforts should be tailored to reducing individual issues that contribute to NSSI and building alternative skills for positive coping, communication, stress management, and strong social support
9.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1929428091&SrchMode=2&sid=23&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270482339&clientId=4130
Stopping the Pain: Teenage Self-Injury
Abby Alpert. The Booklist. Chicago: Dec 15, 2009. Vol. 106, Iss. 8; pg. 49, 1 pgs
Abstract (Summary)
Acts of self-injury (cutting, burning, head banging) are increasingly common among teens, yet this touchy topic has not generated much public dialogue.
10. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=4&did=1520037381&SrchMode=2&sid=23&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270482339&clientId=4130
Lifespan; Frequent self-cutting linked to risky sexual behavior in teens
Anonymous. NewsRx Health & Science. Atlanta: Jun 23, 2008. pg. 353
Abstract (Summary)
The associations between frequent cutting, sexual risk and low self-restraint provide clues to the forces that underlie this repeated behavior and point us in the right direction for future research to better understand this troubling and self-destructive phenomenon, adds Brown, who's also a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
Monday, March 29, 2010
Ten Things Your Reader Won’t Know About Self-inflicted injuries
blog for 3-29-2010
1. Fact or detail:
Ninety-six of 568 (16.9%) youth indicated that they had ever harmed themselves. Self-injuries such as cutting, scratching and self-hitting were the most common forms of nonsuicidal self-harm (83.2%).
Source information:
Nixon, M., Cloutier, P., & Jansson, S.. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-harm in youth: a population-based survey. Canadian Medical Association. Journal, 178(3), 306-12. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1447230571).
2. Fact or detail:
The majority of those who self-harmed reported that the idea to self-harm had been their own (69/93, 73.4%). Few youths reported that they had gotten the idea from a friend (27/93, 29.0%), television or movies (14/93, 15.1%) or a family member (2/93, 2.2%), or that they had read about it (11/93, 11.8%). For the question "where did you get the idea to self-harm," the mean number of sources reported was 1.4 (SD 0.9).
Source information:
Nixon, M., Cloutier, P., & Jansson, S.. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-harm in youth: a population-based survey. Canadian Medical Association. Journal, 178(3), 306-12. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1447230571).
3. Fact or detail:
"It's not a big issue for them. In fact, drawing a lot of attention to it probably isn't very helpful for someone that's done it once or twice, and is otherwise doing well and all their other behaviours are fine."
By comparison, teens who cut frequently are more likely to be doing it because they can't manage their feelings.
Source information:
David Hodges. (2005, June). Cutting the 'new tattoo' for teens. Medical Post, 41(22), 16. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 856698361).
4. Fact or detail:
The frequent cutters were more likely than the less frequent cutters to be female (62% vs. 42%), non-white (26% vs. 9%), sexually abused (63% vs. 43%), to have used condoms inconsistently (61% vs. 27%) and report less impulse control (36% vs. 29%).
Source information:
David Hodges. (2005, June). Cutting the 'new tattoo' for teens. Medical Post, 41(22), 16. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 856698361).
5. Fact or detail:
The researchers reported, "The lifetime prevalence rate of having greater than or equal to1 self-injurious behavior incident was 17.0%. Seventy-five percent of those students engaged in self- injurious behaviors more than once. Thirty-six percent reported that no one knew about their self-injurious behaviors and only 3.29% indicated that a physician knew.
Source information:
Mental Health; Self-injurious behaviors in a college population are examined. (2006, August). Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,73. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1086809671).
6. Fact or detail:
Compared with non-self-injurers, those with repeat self-injurious behavior incidents were more likely to be female, bisexual or questioning their sexual orientation. They were less likely to be Asian/Asian American and >24 years of age."
Source information:
Mental Health; Self-injurious behaviors in a college population are examined. (2006, August). Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,73. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1086809671).
7. Fact or detail:
Olfson et al examine national trends from 1990 - 2000 in the utilization of community hospital inpatient services by young people ages 5-20 years old with intentional self-inflicted injuries. After discussing the results, they conclude that young people admitted to community hospitals with self-inflicted injuries tended to have more severe psychiatric diagnoses and to be treated during shorter inpatient stays.
Source information:
Mark Olfson, Marc J Gameroff, Steven C Marcus, Ted Greenberg, & David Shaffer. (2005). National Trends in Hospitalization of Youth With Intentional Self-Inflicted Injuries. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1328-35. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 864283601).
8. Fact or detail:
The annual hospitalization rate of youths with self-inflicted injuries declined from 49.1 per 100,000 in 1990 to 44.9 per 100,000 in 2000, and the mean length of inpatient stay significantly declined from 3.6 days to 2.7 days. Among the hospitalized patients, there were increases in the rate of cutting (4.3% to 13.2%) and ingestion of acetaminophen (22.1% to 26.9%), antidepressants (10.0% to 14.0%), and opiates (2.3% to 3.3%) as a cause of injury, whereas there were decreases in the ingestion of salicylates (14.9% to 10.2%) and barbiturates (1.5% to 0.7%).
Source information:
Mark Olfson, Marc J Gameroff, Steven C Marcus, Ted Greenberg, & David Shaffer. (2005). National Trends in Hospitalization of Youth With Intentional Self-Inflicted Injuries. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1328-35. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 864283601).
9. Fact or detail:
The Self-Inflicted Injury Severity Form (SIISF) was developed as an epidemiological research tool for identifying individuals in hospital emergency departments who have lifethreatening self-inflicted injuries.
Source information:
Lloyd B Potter, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Kenneth E Powell, Patrick W O'Carroll, & et al. (1998). Identification of nearly fatal suicide attempts: Self-inflicted injury severity form. Suicide & Life - Threatening Behavior, 28(2), 174-186. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 32279840).
10. Fact or detail:
We sought to identify cases of attempted suicide who would have died from suiciderelated injuries had they not received rapid and effective prehospital care or other emergency treatment. Research has shown that medically serious suicide attempters are epidemiologically similar to suicide completers (Rosen,1970), and serious suicide attempters are at twice the risk of subsequent completed suicide as other suicide attempters (Rosen, 1976). Therefore, we sought a method for case identification which could identify these life-endangered cases of attempted suicide, and which could be reliably and rapidly used in a hospital emergency department setting. We then validated this method of case identification as a means of identifying a living population of suicide attempters with life-threatening self-inflicted injuries (Carmines & Zeller 1979).
Source information:
Lloyd B Potter, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Kenneth E Powell, Patrick W O'Carroll, & et al. (1998). Identification of nearly fatal suicide attempts: Self-inflicted injury severity form. Suicide & Life - Threatening Behavior, 28(2), 174-186. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 32279840).
1. Fact or detail:
Ninety-six of 568 (16.9%) youth indicated that they had ever harmed themselves. Self-injuries such as cutting, scratching and self-hitting were the most common forms of nonsuicidal self-harm (83.2%).
Source information:
Nixon, M., Cloutier, P., & Jansson, S.. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-harm in youth: a population-based survey. Canadian Medical Association. Journal, 178(3), 306-12. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1447230571).
2. Fact or detail:
The majority of those who self-harmed reported that the idea to self-harm had been their own (69/93, 73.4%). Few youths reported that they had gotten the idea from a friend (27/93, 29.0%), television or movies (14/93, 15.1%) or a family member (2/93, 2.2%), or that they had read about it (11/93, 11.8%). For the question "where did you get the idea to self-harm," the mean number of sources reported was 1.4 (SD 0.9).
Source information:
Nixon, M., Cloutier, P., & Jansson, S.. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-harm in youth: a population-based survey. Canadian Medical Association. Journal, 178(3), 306-12. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1447230571).
3. Fact or detail:
"It's not a big issue for them. In fact, drawing a lot of attention to it probably isn't very helpful for someone that's done it once or twice, and is otherwise doing well and all their other behaviours are fine."
By comparison, teens who cut frequently are more likely to be doing it because they can't manage their feelings.
Source information:
David Hodges. (2005, June). Cutting the 'new tattoo' for teens. Medical Post, 41(22), 16. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 856698361).
4. Fact or detail:
The frequent cutters were more likely than the less frequent cutters to be female (62% vs. 42%), non-white (26% vs. 9%), sexually abused (63% vs. 43%), to have used condoms inconsistently (61% vs. 27%) and report less impulse control (36% vs. 29%).
Source information:
David Hodges. (2005, June). Cutting the 'new tattoo' for teens. Medical Post, 41(22), 16. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 856698361).
5. Fact or detail:
The researchers reported, "The lifetime prevalence rate of having greater than or equal to1 self-injurious behavior incident was 17.0%. Seventy-five percent of those students engaged in self- injurious behaviors more than once. Thirty-six percent reported that no one knew about their self-injurious behaviors and only 3.29% indicated that a physician knew.
Source information:
Mental Health; Self-injurious behaviors in a college population are examined. (2006, August). Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,73. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1086809671).
6. Fact or detail:
Compared with non-self-injurers, those with repeat self-injurious behavior incidents were more likely to be female, bisexual or questioning their sexual orientation. They were less likely to be Asian/Asian American and >24 years of age."
Source information:
Mental Health; Self-injurious behaviors in a college population are examined. (2006, August). Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,73. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1086809671).
7. Fact or detail:
Olfson et al examine national trends from 1990 - 2000 in the utilization of community hospital inpatient services by young people ages 5-20 years old with intentional self-inflicted injuries. After discussing the results, they conclude that young people admitted to community hospitals with self-inflicted injuries tended to have more severe psychiatric diagnoses and to be treated during shorter inpatient stays.
Source information:
Mark Olfson, Marc J Gameroff, Steven C Marcus, Ted Greenberg, & David Shaffer. (2005). National Trends in Hospitalization of Youth With Intentional Self-Inflicted Injuries. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1328-35. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 864283601).
8. Fact or detail:
The annual hospitalization rate of youths with self-inflicted injuries declined from 49.1 per 100,000 in 1990 to 44.9 per 100,000 in 2000, and the mean length of inpatient stay significantly declined from 3.6 days to 2.7 days. Among the hospitalized patients, there were increases in the rate of cutting (4.3% to 13.2%) and ingestion of acetaminophen (22.1% to 26.9%), antidepressants (10.0% to 14.0%), and opiates (2.3% to 3.3%) as a cause of injury, whereas there were decreases in the ingestion of salicylates (14.9% to 10.2%) and barbiturates (1.5% to 0.7%).
Source information:
Mark Olfson, Marc J Gameroff, Steven C Marcus, Ted Greenberg, & David Shaffer. (2005). National Trends in Hospitalization of Youth With Intentional Self-Inflicted Injuries. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1328-35. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 864283601).
9. Fact or detail:
The Self-Inflicted Injury Severity Form (SIISF) was developed as an epidemiological research tool for identifying individuals in hospital emergency departments who have lifethreatening self-inflicted injuries.
Source information:
Lloyd B Potter, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Kenneth E Powell, Patrick W O'Carroll, & et al. (1998). Identification of nearly fatal suicide attempts: Self-inflicted injury severity form. Suicide & Life - Threatening Behavior, 28(2), 174-186. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 32279840).
10. Fact or detail:
We sought to identify cases of attempted suicide who would have died from suiciderelated injuries had they not received rapid and effective prehospital care or other emergency treatment. Research has shown that medically serious suicide attempters are epidemiologically similar to suicide completers (Rosen,1970), and serious suicide attempters are at twice the risk of subsequent completed suicide as other suicide attempters (Rosen, 1976). Therefore, we sought a method for case identification which could identify these life-endangered cases of attempted suicide, and which could be reliably and rapidly used in a hospital emergency department setting. We then validated this method of case identification as a means of identifying a living population of suicide attempters with life-threatening self-inflicted injuries (Carmines & Zeller 1979).
Source information:
Lloyd B Potter, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Kenneth E Powell, Patrick W O'Carroll, & et al. (1998). Identification of nearly fatal suicide attempts: Self-inflicted injury severity form. Suicide & Life - Threatening Behavior, 28(2), 174-186. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 32279840).
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